090 |苏韵薪传——江苏历史文化名镇名村风貌保护传承与创新设计研究

从乡村实践到城市更新

徐建兵

随着城市快速发展建

在乡村建设发展之前必须清晰地认知为什么要发展乡村

也是故乡；乡村是我们

设，乡村似乎成为城市的附属品。而实际上，乡村是家园，

来之所在，也是我们心之所趋；乡村是我们的底色，也是文化的沃土。乡村应该在新时代背景下尽情展现新田园风貌，不能使乡村成为城市的低配版，直接套用城量的模式或开发逻辑是有问题的。乡村是脆弱的，不仅自然环境容易遭到破坏，而且乡村人口流失、年轻人较少、活力丧失等问题都很突出。因此更要谨慎地持续探索乡村的发展之路，这既是作为一名设计师的情怀也是责任。

1.案例一：乡村脉络及文化重构——龙宫村落

龙宫村位于贵州山区，拥有独特的山水风光与自然风貌，是一个喀斯特地貌自然村。村落原本为景点，但因旅游业逐渐凋零，村落原生的活力也逐渐失去，因此当地政府整村迁移至他处，只保留了一些房子和一个寺庙，该寺庙为国内最大的洞窟型的寺庙。

村落脉络决定了整个村落的空间发展，村落地势较为平坦，空间形态肌理呈现树枝状分布。建筑与地形、道路形成统一又有变化的村落形态，有机融入自然生态中；地势相差较大的山地村落呈线型空间肌理，村落顺应地势，因地制宜地与自然山体、水系形成共享的栖居环境。因此，从村落脉络出发的设计策略是要尊重自然山水本色，保护生态廊道、生态斑块、生态肌理，植入绿色规划理念和被动式低能耗方式，构筑山、水、村共融的空间体系，应用当地村落的自身逻辑修补肌理。

村庄现存建筑排布密集、风貌杂乱，原始肌理脉络遭到破坏，配置率和使用率较低。在村落空间重构过程中，应充分考虑到不同风貌建筑的整合、新业态的介入与融合，以及对环境的保护。利用生态隔离带或者生态净化带，形成最终的总体规划布局

（图1、图2）。首先，对现有村落肌理脉络和空间秩序进行整合，梳理生存环境，恢复村落空间尺度。对有特点的民居进行保留再生、优化街道空间风貌、置入一些将频繁使用的公共设施，以便服务旅游工作和商业活动。其次，整理提升河岸与农田的界面、河岸与村落的界面，塑造滨水空间和公共空间，保证开阔的景观视野，形成具有山水意境的自然的生态桃源基地。最后，根据当地文化对龙宫村的村落文化进行重构，挖掘当地的传统历史文化资源、家族家规、生活习俗等内容，使它重新发芽，多元交融。

上篇 理论与探索091

 图1龙宫村落整体更新效果图  图2 龙官村落景观更新效果图

在一些具体措施上，需要充分体现人、建筑与自然同构的观念。例如，有效处理屋顶雨水和地面雨水，提升场地雨水回收的效率；采用太阳能光伏板和保温石材等，获得一种高效、低耗、少废、少污、生态平衡的建筑环境；丰富河流驳岸形态，增加挺水和沉水植物，提高河流自净能力，合理布置生态沟渠用于农田余水回收，防止污染水源并促进营养物质循环，净化后的水流再次进入河道中；加强山体保护，涵养泉水生态环境，增加色叶植被等。

2. 案例二：乡村建设中的微介入、轻设计

乡村建设过程中，微介入、轻设计，就势赋形、随形成境是重要的设计原则。巨构的建筑体量容易对原场地形成某种程度的破坏，应以当地的风俗习惯和周边的建筑型制为基础，以微型、柔和、友善的方式进行设计思考和介入。

江苏省江宁区某村庄，结合政府的扶贫计划，村庄置入餐饮、俱乐部、民宿等业态进行改造，村民亦有自发建设，最终这里形成了一个以村落风貌为基础的旅游模式聚落。该设计取名为“小院子”，可顺着一路曲径通幽的走道，依地形之势进入建筑。建筑与环境紧密融合，尽量保留场地原有树木，内部厅、堂、茶廊、内院、寝室等空间布局合理，整栋建筑以自然和谐的状态在环境中呈现（图3、图4）。

 图3 以微介入方式建造的“小院子”  图4 “小院子”院落空间

092 |苏韵薪传——江苏历史文化名镇名村风貌保护传承与创新设计研究

3、案例三；城市更新的思考

也是都市文化的发商

城市是人类文明发展的必然形式，是现代文明生活的载体

城市有时候又成为文

地，更是人类雄心的见证。然而反思工业社会以后城市的发展，

明的盲区、都市文化的灰暗地带和人类雄心的反证。也正是这些现象的出现，城市事新成为城市文明发展过程中的重要反思。设计师必须思考，城市更新中如何形成现代生活的新生，形成都市文化的新地带。

上海世博黄浦体育公园项目，原址为2010年上海世博会的配套用地。随着时间的推移，城市功能的更新，这里成为一些仓储、停车场、游戏房的功能聚合点。相对于整个城市来说，该区域是过于消极和封闭的。以何种方式来激活这个地块，让它成为一个更加积极开放的场所，对城市产生更多有序和正向影响，让市民参与其中，这些都是设计面临的问题和挑战。

设计场地有五栋小楼、两栋大型仓储库房以及三个配套用房，其余为硬质停车用地。首先，结合区域公园的功能诉求，对场地建筑进行重新梳理。一栋小楼进行折除，保留两栋，一栋在南浦大桥底下，一栋沿着黄浦江承接城市江景的景观界面，还有两栋大型仓储库房成为主要的民用房，对其进行功能改造和连接，形成一个整体的室内场馆，沿江一栋改造为休闲旅游性质的家庭协同互动休憩空间，配合一些运动设施的配套功能。另外，在南浦大桥底下设置移动服务及餐饮服务功能。面积最大的足球场被设置在南浦大桥底下、滨江绿化以内，迎江而设置，平常可以进行各种社团运动，也可以临时提供一些户外活动，比如大型的户外节庆活动、户外会议活动或聚集，或是户外活动培训场地等。以黄浦江畔及对岸的江景为背景，形成一个与城市文脉有机融合的户外活动场所。户外的一些零星用地形成一个全区域的运动功能空间。主体的运动场馆内设置了室内的篮球场、羽毛球场、乒乓球场以及健身房等，在屋顶设置了网球场和足球场，能够以独特的角度在屋顶看到江对岸的景观，并产生别致的场所感官体验。同时，还有屋顶花园、阅读书房、办公等，整个区域形成了一个比较完善的运动功能集合区域。建筑立面设置绿植墙与滨江绿化和江景相协调，与周围环境有机融合。这里形成了一个以活动为主题的运动公园。项目结束后的回访中发现，人群的使用超出了预期的功能设置，非常多的市民参与到场地活动中，培训、慢跑、散步、骑行、聊天、驻足观望等，多元的自发性活动形成了有趣的互动场景，使原本消极的角落变成一个极富活力的城市开放空间。

图5 以鸟瞰图

图6一号楼与三号楼沿滨江绿化

徐建兵，南京市黑耀城市建筑规划设计有限公司总经理

090 | Suyun Inheritance - Research on the Protection, Inheritance, and Innovative Design of Historical and Cultural Towns and Villages in Jiangsu Province

From Rural Practice to Urban Renewal

Xu Jianbing

With the rapid development of cities

Before the development of rural construction, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of why rural development is necessary

Also hometown; The countryside is ours

The countryside seems to have become an accessory of the city. In fact, the countryside is home,

Where we come from is also the direction of our hearts; Rural areas are our foundation and fertile ground for culture. Rural areas should fully showcase their new pastoral style in the context of the new era, and cannot become a low-end version of cities. It is problematic to directly apply the model or development logic of urban areas. Rural areas are fragile, with not only the natural environment easily damaged, but also prominent issues such as population loss, fewer young people, and loss of vitality. Therefore, it is even more important to continue exploring the development path of rural areas with caution, which is both the sentiment and responsibility of a designer.

Case 1: Rural context and cultural reconstruction - Longgong Village

Longgong Village is located in the mountainous area of Guizhou, with unique landscape and natural scenery. It is a natural village with karst topography. The village was originally a scenic spot, but due to the gradual decline of the tourism industry, the original vitality of the village gradually lost. Therefore, the local government relocated the entire village to another place, retaining only some houses and a temple, which is the largest cave shaped temple in China.

The village context determines the spatial development of the entire village, with a relatively flat terrain and a tree like distribution of spatial texture. Architecture, terrain, and roads form a unified yet varied village form, organically integrated into the natural ecology; Mountainous villages with significant differences in terrain exhibit a linear spatial texture, adapting to the terrain and forming a shared living environment with natural mountains and water systems according to local conditions. Therefore, the design strategy starting from the village context is to respect the natural landscape, protect ecological corridors, ecological patches, and ecological textures, implant green planning concepts and passive low-energy methods, build a spatial system that integrates mountains, water, and villages, and apply the local village's own logic to repair the texture.

The existing buildings in the village are densely arranged, with a disorderly appearance, and the original texture and veins have been destroyed, resulting in low configuration and utilization rates. In the process of village spatial reconstruction, full consideration should be given to the integration of different styles of buildings, the involvement and integration of new formats, and the protection of the environment. Utilize ecological isolation zones or ecological purification zones to form the final overall planning layout

(Figure 1, Figure 2). Firstly, integrate the existing village texture and spatial order, sort out the living environment, and restore the spatial scale of the village. Preserve and regenerate distinctive residential buildings, optimize street space and style, and incorporate frequently used public facilities to serve tourism and commercial activities. Secondly, organize and enhance the interface between the riverbank and farmland, as well as the interface between the riverbank and villages, shape waterfront and public spaces, ensure a broad landscape view, and form a natural ecological peach garden base with a landscape atmosphere. Finally, based on the local culture, the village culture of Longgong Village is reconstructed, and the traditional historical and cultural resources, family rules, and living customs of the local area are excavated to make it sprout again and blend with diversity.

Previous Theory and Exploration 091

Figure 1 Overall Renewal Effect of Longgong Village Figure 2 Landscape Renewal Effect of Longguan Village

In some specific measures, it is necessary to fully embody the concept of isomorphism between humans, architecture, and nature. For example, effectively treating roof rainwater and ground rainwater to improve the efficiency of rainwater recycling on the site; Adopting solar photovoltaic panels and insulation stone materials to achieve an efficient, low consumption, low waste, low pollution, and ecologically balanced building environment; Enrich the form of river embankments, increase emergent and submerged plants, improve the self purification capacity of rivers, reasonably arrange ecological ditches for the recovery of surplus water from farmland, prevent water pollution and promote nutrient cycling, and purify the water flow to re-enter the river channel; Strengthen mountain protection, conserve the ecological environment of spring water, and increase vegetation with colorful leaves.

Case 2: Micro intervention and light design in rural construction

In the process of rural construction, micro intervention, light design, shaping according to the situation, and adapting to the environment are important design principles. The architectural volume of a giant structure is prone to causing some degree of damage to the original site, and should be based on local customs and the surrounding architectural style, with design thinking and intervention in a micro, gentle, and friendly manner.

A village in Jiangning District, Jiangsu Province, combined with the government's poverty alleviation plan, has been transformed into catering, clubs, homestays and other businesses. Villagers have also spontaneously built these businesses, ultimately forming a tourism model settlement based on the village's style. The design is named "Small Courtyard", which can enter the building along a winding path leading to a secluded passage according to the terrain. The architecture is closely integrated with the environment, and the original trees on the site are preserved as much as possible. The layout of internal halls, halls, tea corridors, courtyards, dormitories, and other spaces is reasonable, and the entire building presents itself in a natural and harmonious state in the environment (Figure 3, Figure 4).

Figure 3 "Small Courtyard" Built by Micro Intervention Method Figure 4 "Small Courtyard" Courtyard Space

092 | Su Yun's Legacy - Research on the Protection, Inheritance, and Innovative Design of Historical and Cultural Towns and Villages in Jiangsu Province

3. Case Three; Thoughts on Urban Renewal

It is also a developer of urban culture

Cities are an inevitable form of human civilization development and a carrier of modern civilized life

Sometimes cities become cultural

The earth is also a witness to human ambition. However, reflecting on the development of cities after the industrial society,

The blind spots of Ming, the dark areas of urban culture, and the counterevidence of human ambition. It is precisely with the emergence of these phenomena that urban affairs have become an important reflection in the process of urban civilization development. Designers must consider how to create a new era of modern life and a new zone of urban culture in urban renewal.

The Huangpu Sports Park project of the Shanghai World Expo was originally located on the supporting land of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo. With the passage of time and the updating of urban functions, this area has become a functional aggregation point for some warehouses, parking lots, and game rooms. Compared to the entire city, this area is too negative and enclosed. How to activate this plot of land and make it a more active and open place, generating more orderly and positive impacts on the city, and involving citizens, these are the problems and challenges faced by the design.

The design site consists of five small buildings, two large storage warehouses, and three supporting buildings, while the rest are hard parking spaces. Firstly, based on the functional requirements of the regional park, the site architecture should be reorganized. One small building will be demolished, while two will be retained. One will be located under the Nanpu Bridge, while the other will serve as a landscape interface along the Huangpu River, providing urban river views. Additionally, two large storage warehouses will become the main residential buildings, which will be functionally renovated and connected to form an integrated indoor venue. One building along the river will be transformed into a family collaborative interactive leisure space for leisure and tourism, with supporting functions for some sports facilities. In addition, mobile and catering services will be installed under the Nanpu Bridge. The largest football field is located under the Nanpu Bridge and within the riverside greenery, facing the river. It can be used for various club sports and can also provide temporary outdoor activities, such as large-scale outdoor festivals, outdoor meetings or gatherings, or outdoor training venues. Set against the backdrop of the Huangpu River and the river scenery across from it, create an outdoor activity venue that seamlessly integrates with the city's cultural context. Some scattered outdoor land forms a sports functional space for the entire area. The main sports venue is equipped with indoor basketball courts, badminton courts, table tennis courts, and fitness centers. Tennis courts and football fields are also set up on the roof, providing a unique perspective on the scenery across the river and creating a unique sensory experience. At the same time, there are rooftop gardens, reading rooms, offices, etc., forming a relatively complete collection of sports functions in the entire area. The green plant wall on the building facade is coordinated with the riverside greening and river scenery, and organically integrated with the surrounding environment. A sports park with activities as its theme has been formed here. During the follow-up visit after the project, it was found that the usage of the venue exceeded the expected functional settings. A large number of citizens participated in the venue activities, such as training, jogging, walking, cycling, chatting, and stopping to observe. The diverse spontaneous activities formed interesting interactive scenes, turning the originally negative corners into a vibrant urban open space.

Figure 5 presents a bird's-eye view

Figure 6 Greening along the riverside between Building 1 and Building 3

Xu Jianbing, General Manager of Nanjing Heiyao Urban Architecture Planning and Design Co., Ltd